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Explanations and Theories

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Explanations and Theories Scientific Explanation A scientific explanation uses observations and measurements to explain something we see in the natural world. Scientific explanations should match the evidence and be logical, or they should at least match as much of the evidence as possible. Two key concepts in scientific explanations are theory and hypothesis. A theory is used to make predictions about future observations. A hypothesis is a testable prediction that is arrived at logically from a theory. Probabilistic Explanation The probabilistic explanation is a form of reasoning that considers either the likeliness of an event happening or the strength of one's belief about an event or statement; that is, the probability may be about things or it may be about our degree of belief about things. Probability theory has from its conception been utilized to represent this uncertainty in scientific knowledge. Explanations are often probabilistic or statistical in nature.  Theories in S

SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY AND HYPOTHESIS

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  Scientific Inquiry and hypothesis Scientific inquiry helps to think creatively. It helps us to think out of the box and improves our thinking skills. Scientific inquiry helps to understand the world more effectively.  It is very important in everyday life. Scientific Inquiry Scientific inquiry refers to the way that scientists study the world. Scientists study the natural world in diverse ways and propose explanations based on the evidence derived from their work. The process of scientific inquiry consists of six main steps. The first step is questioning. We need to ask questions to understand the real problem. The second step is observation and investigation. The third and most important step is the hypothesis. We need to derive a hypothesis based on the observation and the investigation. The next step is an experiment. The fifth step is the analysis of data. We need to review the results, what happened during the experiment. The last step is communicating the results. At the

SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION, DEDUCTION, AND INDUCTION

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SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION  The scientific explanation is an explanation given to something based on the principles of science. There are mainly three parts to the scientific explanation. The first one is the claim, which means the explanation. The second component is the evidence, or we can say it as the observation. The last part is rationality. This is the reasoning. Reasoning explains the evidence and why it supports the claim. The primary objective of a scientific explanation is to show that the facts or data that can be deduced from the general theory. To become a good scientific explanation all our data needs to be correct and the explanation needs to be true.   Explanations vs confirmations Confirmation involves proving reasons related to certain claims in believing that is true. This means confirmation involves providing evidence for a certain claim. The explanation involves answering questions. Which involves clarifying certain causes. Why does a particular phenomenon occur? How

GENDER JUSTICE, SEXISM, GENDER STEREOTYPES, RACIAL AND ETHNIC PREJUDICE

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The term gender justice is a very common topic in the current world. Having a good understanding of gender equality, gender stereotypes will help to minimize sexism and it will reduce racial and ethnic prejudice. Sexism will cause more complex problems within society and it will affect moral values and principles. Therefore having thorough knowledge regarding these concepts will help to minimize those impacts. Gender Justice Gender justice is a human right. Every human being has a right to live with dignity without any fear and freedom. Gender justice plays a major role in the development, eradication of poverty, etc. Gender justice is crucial to achieving human progress. It will determine the future of mankind.  Gender equality Gender equality is also known as sexual equality. Which means the equality of the sexes. It is equal access to resources and opportunities regardless of gender. Equal participation in the decision-making and being able to execute these decisions regardless of g

PREJUDICE, RACE, ETHNICITY, AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION

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 Prejudice Prejudice is known as the preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or experience or we can say that it, harm or injury that results from some action or judgment. In philosophy, prejudice means the incorrect or unjustified attitude towards an individual based on the individual’s membership of a social group. Bias is very similar to prejudice but it is not the same as prejudice. Biased usually refuses to accept that there are other views and ideas than their own. Bias is not extreme as prejudice. Race and ethnicity Race and ethnicity are used to differentiate or categorize certain sections of the community, population. In basic race refers to the physical traits of the population and ethnicity refers to cultural identification. Race is mostly known as a mixture of physical and behavioral aspects. Ethnicity is mostly related to the factors where we live, the culture we share. Race and ethnicity are most often used interchangeably, but they point out different things
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  ethics The word “ethics” is used in everyday life. It is commonly used by every person. Nowadays ethics are related to many professionals like accountants, teachers, engineers, doctors, etc. In many organizations, there is a code of ethics. This code of ethics specifies the guidance related to the ethical dilemmas and it also provides advice in avoiding these ethical conflicts. Ethics play a dominant role in the corporate social environment(CSR). Therefore it is better to dive further, to understand the ethics. How it is interconnected with everyday life and morality, how it is related to human behaviors, and what is the real meaning of ethics. Most simply we can define ethics as a system of moral principles. These principles will have an effect or impact on the humans like how they make decisions and how they behave in society, how they talk with each other. Ethics affects how people lead their lives. Ethics are simply a process. A process of questioning, discovering, and defend

TESTIMONY, REASONING, AND RATIONALITY

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  Testimony, Reasoning, and rationality According to the Oxford dictionary, the meaning of the testimony is “a formal written or spoken statement saying what you know to be true, usually in court”. The word “court” is also included in the definition of the testimony. Therefore it is obvious the word testimony is closely related to the court. In modern society, testimony is considered one of the main sources of belief. One person's testimony will create diffusion within the society. These testimonies will create the diffusion among the news, information, opinion, gossip, etc. Testimonies will help to preserve the heritage knowledge and beliefs, especially areas related to history, science, etc. Testimony is related to philosophy. Philosophy of the testimony considers the nature of the languages, knowledge’s confluence, and beliefs between the speaker and listeners are transferred through the testimonials. Testimony constitutes words, gestures, or utterances that convey beliefs